Master all reasoning topics for JKSSB, JKPSC & Competitive Exams
Coding-Decoding involves finding patterns in how letters or numbers are transformed. Identify the rule and apply it to find the answer.
Method: A=1, B=2, C=3... Z=26
If HELLO is coded as IFMMP, code WORLD.
H→I (+1), E→F (+1), L→M (+1), L→M (+1), O→P (+1)
Pattern: +1 shift
W→X, O→P, R→S, L→M, D→E
Answer: XPSME
A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X, D↔W, etc.
Example: A→S, B→V, C→X
Q1: If APPLE is coded as BQQMF, code ORANGE.
Answer: PSBOHF
Each letter shifts by +1
Q2: If BOOK = 2-15-15-11, what is DOOR?
Answer: 4-15-15-18
Two premises lead to a conclusion. Determine if the conclusion is valid based on the given statements.
1. Universal Affirmative (A): All A are B
2. Universal Negative (E): No A are B
3. Particular Affirmative (I): Some A are B
4. Particular Negative (O): Some A are not B
1. Middle term must be distributed at least once
2. No term can be distributed in conclusion if not in premise
3. From two negative premises, no conclusion
4. If one premise is negative, conclusion must be negative
5. From two particular premises, no conclusion
Premise 1: All dogs are animals
Premise 2: All animals need food
Conclusion: All dogs need food
Logically valid - follows all rules
Q1: All teachers are educated. Some educated are doctors. Conclusion: Some teachers are doctors.
Answer: NOT NECESSARILY TRUE
Identify family relationships based on given information.
Paternal Side: Father's father = Grandfather, Father's mother = Grandmother, Father's brother = Uncle, Father's sister = Aunt
Maternal Side: Mother's brother = Uncle, Mother's sister = Aunt, Mother's father = Grandfather, Mother's mother = Grandmother
Siblings: Brother's wife = Sister-in-law, Sister's husband = Brother-in-law
A is mother of B. C is father of A. What is B to C?
A = mother of B → B is child of A
C = father of A → A is child of C
Answer: C is grandfather of B
Q1: Pointing to a man, a woman said, "His mother is my mother's only daughter." Relationship?
Answer: The man is her son
Track movements and determine final positions and directions.
North (N) = Up, South (S) = Down, East (E) = Right, West (W) = Left
NE = Up-Right, NW = Up-Left, SE = Down-Right, SW = Down-Left
A man goes 10 km North, 5 km East, 10 km South. Where is he?
North and South cancel out. Only 5 km East remains.
Answer: 5 km East of starting point
Q1: A goes 4 km East, then 3 km North. Shortest distance?
Answer: 5 km
√(4² + 3²) = √25 = 5 km
Find the relationship between two pairs of words and apply the same relationship to find the missing word.
1. Synonym: Happy : Joyful
2. Antonym: Hot : Cold
3. Part-to-Whole: Finger : Hand
4. Cause-Effect: Fire : Smoke
5. Object-Purpose: Knife : Cut
6. Category: Rose : Flower
Doctor : Hospital :: Teacher : ?
Doctor works in Hospital, similarly Teacher works in School
Answer: School
Q1: Lion : Roar :: Dog : ?
Answer: Bark
Q2: Pen : Write :: Knife : ?
Answer: Cut
Find the odd one out or group items based on common characteristics.
1. By Category: Apple, Mango, Carrot (Carrot is vegetable)
2. By Property: 2, 4, 6, 9 (9 is odd)
3. By Function: Chair, Table, Bed, Pen (Pen is for writing)
4. By Origin: Tiger, Lion, Cow, Eagle (Cow is domestic)
Which is odd? Rose, Jasmine, Sunflower, Carrot
Rose, Jasmine, Sunflower are flowers. Carrot is a vegetable.
Answer: Carrot
Q1: Which is odd? 5, 10, 15, 22
Answer: 22
5, 10, 15 are multiples of 5. 22 is not.
Find the pattern in a sequence and complete it.
1. Arithmetic: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 (difference = 2)
2. Geometric: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 (multiply by 2)
3. Fibonacci: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 (sum of previous two)
4. Square/Cube: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 (1², 2², 3², 4², 5²)
5. Letter Series: A, C, E, G, I (skip one letter)
2, 4, 8, 16, ?
Each number is multiplied by 2
16 × 2 = 32
Answer: 32
Q1: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ?
Answer: 13
Fibonacci series: 5 + 8 = 13
Q2: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
Answer: 36
Perfect squares: 6² = 36
Identify the item that doesn't belong with others.
1. Look for common characteristics
2. Check category, type, property, function
3. Find what makes one different
4. Verify your answer
Sparrow, Eagle, Penguin, Fish
Sparrow, Eagle, Penguin are birds. Fish is not a bird.
Answer: Fish
Q1: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, India
Answer: India
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai are cities. India is a country.
Read a statement and determine if the given conclusions logically follow.
1. Only use information given in the statement
2. Don't assume facts not mentioned
3. Check if conclusion is definitely true, probably true, or false
4. Look for keywords: "All", "Some", "No", "Only"
Statement: All flowers are plants.
Conclusion: All plants are flowers.
Just because all flowers are plants doesn't mean all plants are flowers.
Q1: Statement: All doctors are educated. Conclusion: All educated people are doctors.
Answer: FALSE
Not all educated people are doctors.
Use logical reasoning to deduce conclusions from given premises.
1. If-Then Logic: If A then B. A is true. Therefore B is true.
2. Either-Or: Either A or B. A is false. Therefore B is true.
3. Negation: Not A is true. Therefore A is false.
Statement 1: If it rains, the ground will be wet.
Statement 2: It rained yesterday.
Conclusion: The ground was wet yesterday.
Logically valid deduction.
Q1: If all A are B, and all B are C, then all A are C.
Answer: TRUE
Valid logical deduction (Transitive property)